Thrips hawaiiensis (Morgan, 1913)

Thripinae, Thripidae, Terebrantia, Thysanoptera

Figures

Fig. 1: 8-segmented antenna, segments III and IV with forked sense cone, terminal segments V-VIII
Fig. 2: Head dorsal with ocellar triangle
Fig. 3: Pronotum
Fig. 4: Meso- and metanotum
Fig. 5: Fore wing and fore wing middle region
Fig. 6: Sternites VI and VII
Fig. 7: Tergites I-III
Fig. 8: Tergite VIII
Fig. 9: Tergites VIII-X (male)

Thrips hawaiiensis a strict flower-dwelling species which can attack various crops such as banana, grapes, rose, tobacco. Both sexes fully winged. Body color brown or, in some populations, bicolored with head and thorax paler than brown abdomen; legs yellowish; antennal segment III yellow; fore wings brown with base paler. Antennae 7- or 8-segmented; segments III & IV slightly constricted at apex and with short forked sense cone, segments VII & VIII short (Fig. 1). Head wider than long; with 2 pairs of ocellar setae, pair I absent, pair III stout and arising outside of ocellar triangle; postocular setae pairs I & III slightly shorter than ocellar setae pair III, pair II about half as long as pair I (Fig. 2). Pronotum with 2 pairs of long posteroangular setae; posterior margin with 3-4 pairs of setae; anterior margin with 5-6 pairs of setae (Fig. 3). Mesonotum with lines of sculpture between and around campaniform sensilla near anterior margin; mesofurca with spinula. Metanotum with lines of sculpture transverse at anterior, and longitudinal and parallel or with equiangular reticulations on posterior half; median setae longer than lateral setae and arising at anterior margin; campaniform sensilla present (Fig. 4). Mid and hind tarsi 2-segmented. Fore wing first vein with 3 setae on distal half; second vein with about 14 closely set setae; clavus with 5 marginal setae and 1 discal seta, clavus subterminal seta shorter than the terminal seta (Fig. 5). Tergite II with 4 lateral marginal setae (Fig. 7); tergites V-VIII with ctenidia present laterally, on VIII posteromedial to spiracles; posterior margin of VIII with comb complete medially but microtrichia small and irregular and sometimes arising in groups (Fig. 8); pleurotergites without discal setae. Sternite II with 2 pairs of marginal setae, III-VII with 3 pairs, the median pair on VII arising in front of posterior margin; sternite II with 1-4 discal setae, III-VII with discal setae varying in number from 10-25 in a regular transverse row (Fig. 6).
Male similar to female in structure, but smaller and paler; tergite VIII with posteromarginal microtrichia medially or no marginal comb (Fig. 9); tergite IX with median S1 setae slightly longer than S2 and equidistant from S2 and from each other; sternites III-VII with transverse glandular area anterior to discal setae.

The genus Thrips L., 1758
There are nearly 300 species currently recognized in the genus Thrips making this genus one of the largest taxa within the order Thysanoptera. The genus was redefined progressively during the 1970's (see Mound et al. 1976), to include many species previously placed in Taeniothrips. The genus Thrips now includes a range of species, some with the antennae 7-segmented, others 8-segmented, and a few with the number of segments varying between 7 and 8. Similarly, some species have few setae on the fore wing first vein, whereas others have a complete row of setae on this vein. The species with a complete setal row on the first vein were placed from some taxonomists in the genera Isothrips or Isoneurothrips. However, all of the species in Thrips have the following character states: antennal segments III & IV with forked sense cone, absence of ocellar setae I, pronotum with 2 pairs of elongate posteroangular setae, paired ctenidia laterally on the tergites V-VIII, tergite VIII ctenidium arising posterior to the spiracle (in contrast to species of the genus Frankliniella). Other character states, such as number of antennal segments, number of setae on the fore wing veins, and number of discal setae on the abdominal sternites are variable between species (Mound & Masumoto 2005; Nakahara 1994; Palmer 1992). Identification keys are available for the species of this genus from many parts of the world. Of particular importance is the published key by Mound (2010) for members of the genus Thrips from Afro-tropical region as well as previous Lucid keys from Moritz et al. (2001, 2004, 2009).

Thrips hawaiiensis is very similar to some other Thrips species - like Thrips acaciae, Thrips brevisetosus, Thrips florum, Thrips gowdeyi and Thrips simplex. Thrips hawaiiensis has sternites III-VII with at least 1 pair of discal setae and pleurotergites without discal setae (Thrips australis, Thrips microchaetus, Thrips subnudula and Thrips tenellus, all of them have sternites III-VII with at least 1 pair of discal setae and pleurotergites with discal setae; Thrips orientalis and Thrips parvispinus with discal setae on sternites III-VI but not on sternite VII, and without discal setae on pleurotergites; Thrips nigropilosus, Thrips palmi, Thrips pusillus and Thrips tabaci, all of them have sternites and pleurotergites without discal setae).
Inside this group almost all species have the ocellar setae III on head arising on anterior margin of, or in front of, ocellar triangle, and the fore wing first vein with less than 5, mostly 3, setae on distal half (only Thrips simplex with ocellar setae III arising within ocellar triangle anterior to tangent of anterior margin of hind ocelli, and fore wing first vein with 6-10 setae on distal half). Most of them exhibit campaniform sensilla on metanotum (except for Thrips gowdeyi and Thrips simplex without metanotal campaniform sensilla), and 2 pairs of elongate pronotal posteroangular setae (except for Thrips brevisetosus without elongate pronotal setae). In Thrips hawaiiensis as well as Thrips florum metanotal median setae arise at anterior margin (compared to Thrips acaciae, Thrips brevisetosus, Thrips gowdeyi and Thrips simplex with median setae arise behind anterior margin). As in Thrips florum, the species have 7- or 8-segmented antennae (in Thrips acaciae and Thrips brevisetosus antennae 7-segmented; in Thrips gowdeyi and Thrips simplex antennae 8-segmented). Compared to Thrips acaciae and Thrips brevisetosus with mainly equiangular reticulation on metanotal median area, in other species the metanotal median area exhibit transverse sculptured lines at anterior, but longitudinal or equiangular reticulations on posterior half (Thrips gowdeyi and Thrips simplex), always longitudinal and parallel sculptured lines on posterior half (Thrips florum), or longitudinal and parallel sculptured lines or equiangular reticulations on posterior half (Thrips hawaiiensis). Furthermore, Thrips hawaiiensis has pleurotergites not covered in microtrichia (like in Thrips brevisetosus and Thrips florum; in Thrips acaciae, Thrips gowdeyi and Thrips simplex pleurotergites are covered in rows of fine microtrichia, situated on widely spaced lines of reticulation). Thrips hawaiiensis is very similar to Thrips florum, but on head the postocular setae II are about half as long as setae I, the mesonotum has lines of sculpture between and around the anterior pair of campaniform sensilla, and the terminal seta of fore wing clavus is longer than subterminal seta. Whereas Thrips florum possesses postocular setae II which are minute and much smaller than half length of setae I, a mesonotum without lines of sculpture close to anterior pair of campaniform sensilla, and in most individuals the terminal seta of fore wing clavus is shorter than subterminal seta.
Species of the genus Thrips are similar to species of Stenchaetothrips, Microcephalothrips abdominalis, Larothrips dentipes and Fulmekiola serrata because of tergites V-VIII bear a pair of ctenidia laterally, which is placed on tergite VIII posteromedial to the spiracle, and all species have no ocellar setae I on head. In contrast to species with craspedum on tergites II-VII (Microcephalothrips abdominalis, Larothrips dentipes and Fulmekiola serrata), species of Thrips and Stenchaetothrips have no posteromarginal craspedum on tergites and sternites. Species of the genus Thrips as well as Fulmekiola serrata and species of Stenchaetothrips have 2 pairs of elongate posteroangular setae (Microcephalothrips abdominalis with 2 pairs of moderately elongate pronotal setae and Larothrips dentipes without elongate setae). Compared to the species of Thrips, Microcephalothrips abdominalis, and Larothrips dentipes, which have ocellar setae II on head much shorter than or about as long as III, Fulmekiola serrata and species of Stenchaetothrips have ocellar setae II much longer than III, and sternites always without discal setae.

Life history
As with other thrips species the life cycle from egg to adult is dependent on temperature. Developmental period from egg hatch to adult emergence takes 38.9 days at 10°C (but then the adults failed to oviposit), 19.4 days at 15°C, 16 days at 20°C, 10.3 days at 25°C and 8 days at 30°C (Reynaud et al. 2008).

Host plants
Polyphagous.
Crops: apple, banana, cabbage, citrus, coffee, gladiolus, mango, passion fruit, pear, rose, tea, tobacco.

Vector capacity
None identified, but possible mechanical distribution of phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria.

Damage and symptoms
Breeding in flowers of a wide range of plants and causes direct damage by puncturing flowers and fruits, inducing spot lesions, scarring, necrosis or malformations depending on the intensity of the attack. It also feeds on pollen and host plant fertility problems can be noted (Reynaud et al. 2008). Feeding produces direct damage such as necrosis, bud malformation or reduced fruit set (Childers & Nakahara 2006).

Detection and control strategies
Floral scents such as Methyl anthranilate, Anisaldehyde and Geraniol increases the catches of Thrips hawaiiensis (Murai et al. 2000a; Imai et al. 2001). They are reported to be attractive to blue clour as compared to others (Chiu and Wu, 1993). Thrips hawaiiensis is parasitized by the eulophid parasitoid, Ceranisus menes (Murai et al. 2000b). Debudding/deflowering of the male flowers after fruit set and covering fruit bunches with polythene sheets in banana can protect the crop from Thrips hawaiiensis, Thrips florum and Chaetanaphothrips.

Additional notes
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Biogeography

Widespread in the Oriental and Pacific Region, also Jamaica, Mexico, North America, Africa. Angola, Mozambique, Nigeria, Sierra-Leone, Uganda.

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